会计的作用是在于收集(collection),记录(recording)和报告(reporting)财务信息,并以此来帮助公司所有者做出决策
会计法则:公司以一个实体存在(entity),持续运营(going concern),分阶段报告(reporting period),历史成本(historical cost),保守原则(conservatism),前后统一(consistency),记录以当地货币(monetary unit)
记录的信息必须相关(relevance)可靠(reliability)有比较性(comparability)并且明了(understandability)
会计元素:Assets,Liabilities,Owner's equity,revenue,expenses
会计公式:Assets = Liability + Owner's equity
Classified balance sheet:
在这个例子中,current和non-current的分类是以12个月为分界点,如果一个assets可以为公司带来超过12个月的经济效益,那么就作为non-current assets,如果一份贷款的偿还期限超过12个月,那么就作为non-current liabilities
每一项交易(transaction)都会对两个会计元素产生影响,以至于保持会计公式的平衡
For example:purchased stock on credit from Milano Leather Products for $45,000
Assets $ Liabilities $
Bank 20,000 Creditors 45,000
Stock 45,000 Owner’s equities
Capital-Imelda 20,000
Total Assets 65,000 Total equities 65000
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