我们希望孩子学以致用，却又只能纸上谈兵；
念背抄来的知识，是那么的适合应对考试而又是那么的难以运用到生活；
缺少“体验”，缺少“联结”，又何来“应用”，何来“融汇”。
让我们听听启行合作营地——美国德州冠军营地负责人Steve Baskin讲述营地小故事，分享营地的孩子如何“举一反三”，如何拥有“可转移的能力”。
英文原文附后，您可以根据习惯，选择阅读。
营地有这样一个传统：营员们自己建立规则以及相关的奖惩措施——这也是我最偏爱的传统之一。
我们希望营员们成为他们小木屋的真正主人，且能够为自己的行为负起责任。青少年发展专家相信，让孩子们在自己生活的社区中有所作为，可以提高他们的公民意识，同时增强自己的执行能力（提前计划能力与行为控制力）。
出于这种考虑，我们在每个小木屋里面都提供了公告牌和笔，这样他们就能自己创建要遵守的行为规范了。导师们在其中只是作为一个引导者，他们鼓励营员们主导整个过程。当然，导师也会偶尔给一些建议。例如，导师可能会问：“你们怎么看待聊别人的八卦和‘贴标签’羞辱别人呢？”
你也许会怀疑这些努力是否真的有作用。但在第一期和第二期中间休息的那几天，我们得到了答案。
我们一个营员的妈妈发了一条短信告诉我们，她的女儿针对他们的家庭自驾游建议了一系列的行为准则。同行的有妈妈、爸爸、和两个孩子。这个11岁的女孩建立了如下的旅途行为准则。
这些准则非常周全，辞藻也很优美：
1.友爱
2.参与
3.学会包容
4.享受乐趣
5.记得涂抹防晒霜和防蚊虫喷雾
6.要灵活变通
7.尊重属于别人的物品
8.己所不欲，勿施于人
9.记录美好的回忆并交到知心的朋友
10.玩的开心！
当你看到这些内容，一定会不由地微笑。
（温馨提示——这篇博客接下来的内容会偏学术。请原谅我这一点。我可爱的妻子说我 “营地书呆子”的一面展现出来了。和往常一样，她是对的。）
发展心理学家最近越来越关注的一个研究领域是“学习转移的能力”。转移的想法非常简单，但实现起来却很难。本质来说，“学习转移的能力”指能够将一个领域学到的知识和技能应用在其他领域。但实际上，这比想象中的要难。一个通过刻苦努力和决心最终成为出色的网球运动员可能认为她无法用同样的方式去学习垒球或者排球；一个优秀的数学天才可能会觉得物理课上的数学知识很难，因为在他的意识里一直觉得“我只是数学很好而非科学”。
在《孩子如何成功》这本书中，Paul Tough谈论了很多关于在大学中成功所需要的“内驱力”的重要性。事实上，内驱力是比IQ或者SAT更重要的大学评判标准。Angela Duckwort博士研究得出的grit的重要性也直接影响了很多学校和机构，他们都开始寻找传授“内驱力”的方法。
我有幸和Paul Tough在一起聊内驱力和传授“内驱力”的方法。当我提到他是否能给我推荐帮助我们做研究的专家时，他毫不犹豫地说出一个名字：David Yeager博士。“他现在人在斯坦佛大学，但是他马上会搬到德克萨斯州加入德克萨斯大学。我认为他是最佳人选。”
我们很快就与Yeager博士见面，并了解到他是个非常出色的人，同时他很推崇夏令营教育。他也告诉我们，也许我们问的问题会有一定的偏差。现在很多没有完成学业的年轻人并不是缺乏内驱力，而是缺乏转移内驱力的能力。一个年轻人也许在运动场或附近的家庭社区表现出很强的内驱力，但是当她离开家之后去到很远的地方，也许就另当别论了。
我真心认为，营地很可能是一个不只培养内驱力的地方，更是培养“转移化内驱力”的地方。“旅行行为准则”的例子表现了我们的营员能够很巧妙地将她在营地里小木屋的纪律转移到家庭旅行当中。德克萨斯的小木屋很难与“一路向北的车”有相关性，但是她成功的将这个想法带入了家庭生活。她妈妈高兴坏了。
我们也一样，非常高兴！
One of my favorite traditions at camp is having campers make their own rules and consequences.
We want our campers to take responsibility for their cabins and their behavior. Youth development experts believe that letting children participate in their communities increases their citizenship and also enhances their Executive Function (their ability to plan ahead and control behavior).
With this in mind, we arm every cabin with a poster board and pens and they create their own rules. The counselors are merely the facilitator and lets the campers take the lead. Of course, the counselor may offer a suggestion occasionally. For example, a counselor might ask, “What do you think about gossiping/name-calling?”
You wonder at times if these efforts really make a difference.Between first and second session, we got an answer.
One of our camp moms send a text to us reporting that her daughter had suggested a series of rules for their upcoming roadtrip. They would have mom, dad, camper and two siblings in the car. The 11 year-old camper created this Rules of Trip.
They were thoughtful, even elegant:
1.Be kind
2.Participate
3.Be inclusive
4.Nothing but awesomeness
5.Apply sunscreen and bug spray
6.Be flexible
7.Respect other people’s stuff
8.Treat others the way you want to be treated
9.Make great memories and great friends
10.Have fun!
You have to smile when you see something like this.
（Warning – this blog is going to get a little more academic for a bit. Please forgive me. My lovely bride says that my Camp Geek side is showing. As usual, she is right.）
One of the growing areas of interest for developmental psychologists is “learning for transfer”. The idea of transfer is simple, but it is actually a rare phenomenon. In essence, learning for transfer means taking a lesson from one area and applying it to another. Sometimes, this is harder than you would think. A person the becomes a great tennis player through hard work and determination might not believe that she could also learn softball or volleyball the same way. A good math student might struggle with the math in physics, because he thinks he is “only good at math and not science”.
In the book “How Children Succeed”, Paul Tough talks a great deal about the importance of “grit” for success in college. In fact, grit is a better predictor of college success than IQ or SAT tests. This work, led by Angela Duckworth, has led to many schools and organizations to find ways to teach grittiness.
I had a chance to speak with Paul Tough about grit and ways to teach it. I asked him to recommend someone to help us do some research. He did not hesitate, "The person you want is Dr David Yeager. He was at Stanford, but he just moved to the University of Texas. He will be perfect."
We arranged a meeting with Dr Yeager and learned that he is a great guy and a believer in summer camp. He also told us that we might be asking the wrong question. He said the problem with many of the young people who do not complete college is not a lack of grit – it is a lack of transfer of grit. A young person might be gritty on a sports field and in the neighborhood, but she might doubt that she can also be gritty away from home.
I suggested that camp might be a great place to foster not only grit, but also grit transfer.The “Rules for Trip” seem to be an indication that our camper managed to transfer her cabin rule creation to a family trip. A cabin in Texas is not a lot like a car driving north, but she managed to bring the ideas from that camp to her home. Her mom was thrilled.
So are we.
Steve Sir
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