来源:环球微视
| 每一个镜头,都是对人性的犯罪 |
听到“开始”,朝鲜少女珍美(Zin Mi)露出明朗的表情说:“我们国家是地球上太阳最早升起的,位于东方的美丽国家。”
《太阳之下》预告片
珍美的父亲是缝制工厂的劳动者,母亲是豆浆工厂的劳动者。他们一家在平壤的一家在宽敞舒适的公寓吃晚餐。记录片里,珍美一家看上去是平壤平凡完美的一家。
但,这是虚假的。镜头外,观众总能听到类似这样的声音:“表现得自然一点!就当这里是你们自己的家。微笑!”
这栋公寓并不是珍美的家。珍美的父亲其实是报社记者,母亲是餐厅服务员。珍美完全按照朝鲜当局编写的脚本在演戏。为了让这部纪录片充满正能量,他们任意发挥自己的想象,随意改变职业,这对他们来说这是非常正常的。
近日,俄罗斯出身的导演维塔利·曼斯基(Vitaly Mansky)2014年在朝鲜拍摄的纪录片《太阳之下》于韩国上映。
《太阳之下》纪录珍美加入朝鲜少年团,准备金日成诞辰“太阳节”活动的过程和她的日常生活,以一个女孩的a视角来观察今天的平壤。
《太阳之下》花整整一年时间拍摄,曼斯基与摄制队两次到访平壤,全程有朝鲜“保镖”陪伴。
拍摄之前,剧组非常艰难地获得朝鲜政府的合作,条件是脚本完全由朝鲜政府代表决定。
朝方向曼斯基介绍了五名可以接受拍摄的女孩儿,但要求他在十分钟内做出选择。在短暂的时间内,曼斯基没有办法详细了解女孩儿们的家庭背景,所以只问了一下父母的职业。其中珍美的爸爸是记者,妈妈是餐厅服务员,曼斯基觉得真美的生活可以拍出一些比较有趣的内容,所以在五个女孩中选择了她。
朝方的意见,这部106分钟长的纪录片要向外界展现在金家领导人的管理下,朝鲜人民的幸福生活:一个平壤三口之家:8岁的小女孩珍美是主角,爸爸是服装厂工人,妈妈豆奶厂工人。父母所在的单位总能超额完成国家制定的生产目标,一家三口的饭菜的量够六个人吃。
纪录片里,一切都渗透着法西斯美学的堆砌感,人密密麻麻,但整齐得像是机械人,或是空洞的躯壳。
从开始到结束,拍摄任务、地点、台词等都要按照朝鲜当局的指示进行。曼斯基和他的制作团队一直受到监视,每天都要把拍摄的东西交给当局,这部片子可以称得上是一部“朝鲜版《楚门的世界》”。
正如该片开场部分字幕那样:“朝鲜提供了该片的剧本,有专门人员全程跟随,该人员选定拍摄地点,对我们拍摄的内容进行检查。这是朝鲜希望我们在展现全世界最幸福国家中最完美家庭的过程中不会有失误。”
但在爱沙尼亚塔林黑之夜电影节上,观众们看到了另一版本:朝鲜官员们从头到尾一直在镜头外操纵着拍摄,他们指挥被拍对象应该怎么坐,什么时候该笑。“这些人也不说自己是谁,但我们知道,所有的决定都是最高层授意的。”
朝鲜和外部世界被隔断,这帮了曼斯基大忙。朝鲜当局者们不怎么懂数码相机技术,不知道在拍摄前的准备时间或者拍摄中间摄像机也一直在拍摄。
一开始曼斯基还算配合,但在中途,他改变了主意,决定把这些官员的行为也记录下来。在按要求完成每一个镜头之后,曼斯基故意让摄影机继续开着,捕捉了他们威吓拍摄对象的嘴脸。
曼斯基每次都提前到现场布置好摄像机,在朝方人员未察觉的情况下按下拍摄键,或是一名拍摄师进行拍摄吸引朝方人员视线后,其他拍摄师把镜头对准这些朝方人员。
这样,曼斯基不仅拍摄了朝鲜方面严格把控下的一些场面,还拍下了政府人士指手画脚参与调度的画面。他们总是从摄像机之外的某个角落突然冒出来,对于出镜人物,从语言到行动,都要指挥。而被拍摄对象总会机械地遵从这种“表演指导”。
有一段是在拍摄珍美一家吃早饭的场景,菜肴很丰盛,珍美的爸爸突然夸起泡菜来。他说,吃200克泡菜、喝70毫升汤就可以摄入人一天所需维生素的一半。这时,镜头一角出现一名男子,这个人就是朝方拍摄工作的相关人员。
实际上,曼斯基只提交了实际拍摄内容的30%左右。“如果他们之前哪怕看过一次我上传到脸书上的文章,也不会让我担任导演。”这位导演被问及怎么把藏起来的拍摄内容带出朝鲜,表示“不能说”。
“我希望做一部关于真实的朝鲜的电影,但这里没有现实生活,”曼斯基说,“只有关于现实生活的传说。”
纪录片里,珍美在学校和朋友们学习的课本内容写着:“敬爱的大元帅教导同志们说,日本鬼子和地主们一样都是坏人。”对这群不过八岁的孩子们,学校的老师让他们记住这样的内容。
他还捕捉了一些令朝鲜当局难堪的镜头:有一幕非常美好而安静的画面,朝鲜人民站在金日成和金正日的巨大铜像下,镜头扫过他们的脸,他们的笑容非常灿烂,但眼里却是恐惧。
在片子的最后,珍美对生活感到恐惧,在摄像机面前流下了眼泪。被要求想一些生活中开心的事,可是她表示没有。被问到有没有什么可以想起来的诗歌,这个小女孩开始背诵起赞颂金日成的诗。
曼斯基1963年出生于苏联时期的乌克兰。他这样回忆起父母当时的年代:“苏联人当然也没有人身自由,但他们的思想是自由的。朝鲜没有这样的自由。这是朝鲜社会的悲剧。他们不能想象还有另一种生活。”
曼斯基表示现今朝鲜的模式更甚于在苏联实行过的“斯大林模式”:
“目前地球上没有像朝鲜一样社会主义体系那么强烈的国家。我很好奇俄罗斯的过去,所以想在朝鲜拍电影,但是看到了和想象完全不同的场面。”
“如果有人说朝鲜好,我想对他说:‘去那儿生活吧’。他如果避而不答,一定是没良心的厚脸皮之人。”
对于为何要做如此“危险”的事情,曼斯基说,这是我的工作,是我应该做的事情。朝鲜和世界上现存的其他国家无法比较,是一个拥有特殊体制的国家:“现在在朝鲜发生的一切,都是对人类的犯罪。”
爱沙尼亚塔林黑之夜电影节电影节上,《太阳之下》上映之前,朝鲜外务省向俄罗斯外交部发送书函,要求:“禁止电影上映,销毁电影,处罚导演”。
“之后朝鲜当局还发送了3封信件,说有紧急的事要说,让我访问朝鲜。所有的信最后一句话都是‘珍美非常想你’。”这位导演如此回信:“我想在朝鲜公开这部电影。翘首以待有一天可以和朝鲜人民一边欣赏这部电影没,一边笑着谈论过去。”
俄罗斯前文化部长批评制作团队蒙骗朝政府。
曼斯基表示,俄罗斯政客很怕与这电影有关联联。“他们抱怨我们欺骗了朝鲜当局,那些协助这部电影完成拍摄的人可能会因此被处决,说我们应该为此感到耻辱。”
附1:以下是BBC记者卧底8日偷拍震撼纪录片:《揭秘朝鲜》,各位可以参考收看!
附2:导演维塔利·曼斯基(Vitaly Mansky)专访(英文版)
1. How did you come around to this project?
I had been interested in North Korea for a long time, and as soon as I got the opportunity to go there to make a film, I went for it. Nonetheless, it only came about after a long and drawn-out procedure of writing letters to the authorities, and after having established a strong way of communicating with them. Another reason is also that, nowadays, one of the two main countries that North Korea partners with is Russia – the other being China – and that, of course, made it easier to start the project and to work together.
2. Yet the film is also co-produced by other European countries (Germany, the Czech Republic and Latvia). Was it difficult to get them on board as well?
The production developed in a very specific way. First, the North Korean part started the project; there was the filming group shooting in Korea, where they had to follow the rules of the project managers. After this first phase, we had to look for partners outside North Korea because we needed funding and a means of doing post-production, and we looked for that in other European countries. There was a huge amount of work in post-production, which was comparable to the post-production of a big-budget film. We needed thorough work to be carried out on sound design, colour correction, music design... nearly everything.
3. Do you think this kind of project with North Korea could happen again, or is it a one-off?
Interesting question, but I don't have an answer for that. I don't understand that country. The motivation and reasoning of the North Korean part was kind of hidden; we still don't know exactly why we got permission to film there, so we don't really know if they will provide permission to other countries to make more films.
4. Was the final result accepted by the North Korean authorities, even though it shows how artificial their whole idea was?
The contract we initially signed about the project was in order to make a big film in North Korea. A whole series of events took place, and we ended up making just a little part of this film. The main part wasn't filmed, so that's why the contract was stopped. That's why, in the end, we didn't have to show them the result.
5. Even though the project was completely staged, and you could only shoot what they told you to, you manage to capture the real humanity of the people in it, through close-ups and very intimate shots. Was it difficult to achieve this?
It is hard to answer a compliment like that. We wanted to try and capture all of that, all of what we wouldn't be able to find in this staged story they were making us shoot. We did it by filming right before and right after what they wanted us to shoot. For example, when we got to these huge collective choreographies in the film, if we started shooting right when they began, and stopped right when they ended, it wouldn't have worked. We wanted to let the viewer see how people really behave. It is very different when they are just by themselves and when they are playing this role they are told to play. That was what we wanted to show, the small moments before and after the events that we see taking place, the moments when you can really observe what their actions and reactions are.
推广
长按二维码关注我们
广告、商业合作请微信:
zhenyan1999、Angela
意见反馈请微信:DynamicQI
投稿邮箱:[email protected]
微信号:o0NewsTalk0o