十大逻辑性错误
7PLUS雅思为大家总结了同学爱犯的十大逻辑性错误。6.5分同学请仔细看看自己有没有这个错误。
1.草率提前(Dicto Simpliciter)
例如:Women are on average not as strong as men and less able to perform well politically. Therefore, women can't pull their weight in government work.
7PLUS雅思点评:虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作,但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。我们可以用德国总理默克尔作为例子就可以轻易的反驳。
2.过度概化 (Hasty Generalization)
例如:McDonald's and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.
7PLUS雅思点评:两个个例不足以推出一个真理。Subway(赛百味)被大多数的外国人认为是健康有营养的快餐食品。
3.因果颠倒 (Post Hoc)
例如:Most young criminals watch violent movies before they commit their crimes; obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile delinquency.
7PLUS雅思点评:甲事情发生在乙事情之前,这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因。暴力电影真的会导致年轻人犯罪么?它是唯一的原因么?
4.矛盾前提 (Contradictory Premises)
例如:If God can do everything, can he make a stone so heavy that he can't carry?
7PLUS雅思点评:前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方,结论当然是错误的。很多同学在举例子的时候喜欢用假设,但是一定要考虑句子之间的逻辑。可以问问自己,真的是这样么?
5.感性论证 (Ad Misericordiam)
例如:Think of all the poor, starving African children! How could rich countries be so cruel as not to help them?
7PLUS雅思点评:抒情是不能当作论证的。写的是议论文,不是抒情的文章,所以同学们需要注意语气,议论文讲究一个“理”字。
6.错误类比 (False Analogy)
例如:Young children are like flowers---flowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.
7PLUS雅思点评:孩子和花朵的区别太大。成长的过程也太复杂。最好不要用这两者来类比。
7.虚假假设 (Hypothesis Contrary to Fact)
例如:If TV were not invented, today people would never have such wonderful entertainment brought by TV.
7PLUS雅思点评:因为电视已经被发明了,对于过去的否定假设后所得出的结论都是逻辑上的错误结论。
8.无关转移 (Red Herring)
例如:Many people say we need to exploit the outer space, a point which I believe is wrong, because there are so many poor people on Earth who hardly make ends meet.
7PLUS雅思点评:有一个问题没解决并不代表着另一个问题不值得解决。太空发展和人类的贫穷有直接的关系么?
9.从众错误 (Bandwagon)
例如:Everyone says it is justified to learn a second language so we must learn one.
7PLUS雅思点评:人人都说,或者大多数都说,这并不意味着该观点正确。
10.滑坡谬误 (Slippery slope)
例如:If we don't care about the environment, the world will die in 50 years.
7PLUS雅思点评:从环境问题到世界灭亡,中间有无数环节未提供论证。
很多同学们写作6.5分的根本原因是因为逻辑存在一定的问题。句子与句子之间的内容总是有跳跃性。不是非常的连贯并且在有些点上面存在一定错误的认识。例如之前我们有学生写的文章拿给考官修改,学生的观点是“学校老师对学生影响大,因为大多数学生在学校待的时间长”,我们的考官就指出,在国外,小学生中学生下午3点半就放学了,在家待的时间更长,那是不是家长对学生影响就更大呢?考官后面就指出,也许同学的观点在中国是对的,但是在西方国家就可能不对,因为国情不一样。这种错误就犯了我们第二种错误“过渡概化”了。
总结来说,同学们在写作文的时候对于逻辑性一定要把握好。因为写作6.5分的同学在语法,词汇上已经没有什么太大的问题。所以在逻辑性上要下工夫。