新足迹网友玫瑰研究了NAPLAN的作文要求，从要求出发简单说明如何帮助孩子写作。
昨天拿到小朋友的NAPLAN成绩单，惊讶于详细/八股的评分标准，回家琢磨了一下，原来网上有那么多资源，对如何提高孩子写作“成绩”一筹莫展的家长可以围观一下，楼主英语平平，只是现学现卖而已。
声明：只讨论应试作文，不讨论写作的文学水平，很多精彩文章是拿不到考试高分的，同理考试高分文章也不一定都是精品。
先列一下议论文（Persuasive writing）的硬指标：
Marking criterion | Description of persuasive writing marking criterion |
Audience | The writer’s capacity to orient, engage and persuade the reader 总结一下就是作品对读者的吸引力和影响力 |
Text structure | The organisation of the structural components of a persuasive text (introduction, body and conclusion) into an appropriate and effective text structure 文章基本架构——所谓的八股 |
Ideas | The selection, relevance and elaboration of ideas for a persuasive argument 作者的观点——观点是否清晰，至于正确与否不是评判的标准 |
Persuasive devices | The use of a range of persuasive devices to enhance the writer’s position and persuade the reader 作者的论据——论据是否充足 |
Vocabulary | The range and precision of contextually appropriate language choices 作者的词汇及运用 |
Cohesion | The control of multiple threads and relationships across the text, achieved through the use of grammatical elements (referring words, text connectives, conjunctions) and lexical elements (substitutions, repetitions, word associations) 连词，代词，引用，省略号等的运用——文章是否流畅 |
Paragraphing | The segmenting of text into paragraphs that assists the reader to follow the line of argument 文章的起承转合，段落安排 |
Sentence structure | The production of grammatically correct, structurally sound and meaningful sentences 语法和句子的运用是否准确 |
Punctuation | The use of correct and appropriate punctuation to aid the reading of the text 标点符号是否准确 |
Spelling | The accuracy of spelling and the difficulty of the words used 单词的难度，以及拼写是否准确 |
可以通过精读优秀作品来提高的指标：
注意0%不是说没有人达到，而是达到的人太少，四舍五入掉了。
以下是我觉得可以通过有效‘练习’或使用‘技巧’在短时间内提高的几项：
拼写Spelling有以下几档——由简单到困难，State达成率见小括号
Few examples of conventional spelling(99%)
Most simple/some common words correct(95%)
Most simple/common words correct(62%)
Some difficult words correct(14%)
At least ten difficult words(1%)
词汇Vocabulary有以下几档——由简单到困难，State达成率见小括号
Few content words(99%)
Mostly simple words used(96%)
Some precise words used(9%)
以下达成率是0
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Sustained use of precise words(0%)
Ten difficult/some challenging words(0%)
Range of precise,effective words(0%)
标点符号Punctuation有以下几档——由简单到困难，State达成率见小括号
Minimal punctuation(99%)
Some correct sentence punctuation(81%)
Accurate sentence punctuation(99%)
Mostly correct use of punctuation(27%)
以下达成率是0
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All applicable punctuation accurate(0%)
基本架构Text structure有以下几档——由简单到困难，State达成率见小括号
Minimal evidence of persuasive structure(96%)
Some components of persuasive structure(52%)
Development evident in two components(5%)
以下达成率是0
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Coherent controlled persuasive structure(0%)
如何应对：
所谓精读就类似我国内的语文课。
1.挑选一些优秀的作家作品——了解一定的背景知识
2.挑选有代表性的一段内容——精读
3.挑选一些精彩/新/难的单词——详细理解为何使用这个词，再有：默写及造句
4.理解作者段落组织和安排（连词/转折），标点符号的运用，重句/代词等等的利用
5.挑选经典句型——背诵
以下是可以通过大量阅读提高的指标：
观点idea有以下几档——由简单到困难，State达成率见小括号
Response is brief and ideas are basic(99%)
Very few simple unrelated ideas(99%)
Limited elaboration of ideas(93%)
Some development/elaboration of ideas(44%)
以下两项达成率是0
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Substantial elaboration of ideas(0%)
Selects ideas to explore a theme(0%)
论据Persuasive devices有以下几档——由简单到困难，达成率见小括号
Few devices demonstrated(96%)
Uses some devices/use is ineffective(55%)
Persuasive devices sometimes effective(4%)
以下达成率是0
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Effective use of persuasive devices(0%)
衔接Cohesion有以下几档——由简单到困难，达成率见小括号
Little evidence of cohesion(99%)
Some correct cohesive links(87%)
Correct use of cohesive links(4%)
以下达成率是0
---------------------------------
Correct/varied cohesive devices used(0%)
以下是需要综合能力提高才能提高的指标：
句子结构和语法Sentence structure有以下几档——由简单到困难，State达成率见小括号
Some correct formation of sentences(99%)
Most simple sentences are correct(91%)
Some complex sentences correct(33%)
Most complex sentences correct(2%)
以下两项达成率是0
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Correct/varied sentences(0%)
Correct/effective/varied sentences(0%)
段落Paragraphing有以下几档——由简单到困难，state达成率见小括号
Some awareness of paragraphing（70%）
Mostly correct paragraphs（18%）
以下达成率是0
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Effective/accurate paragraphs（0%）
考核天赋的指标
感染力Audience有以下几档——由简单到困难，state达成率见小括号
Some evidence of writing to convince(95%)
Attempts to support reader(48%)
Attempts to engage reader(2%)
以下达成率是0
-----------------------------------------------
Persuasive devices engage reader(0%)
Persuasive devices influence reader(0%)
