以下是一个英国的朋友35 Paul Stowe (保罗 斯通)五年前交流的时候，写下的：

I felt that I had a good understanding of what it means to be English, and what England was like in comparison with other country’s.

However when I tried to put all of this into words I found it quite difficult. For that reason I have tried to tell this story mainly in pictures.

I hope by using pictures, we can cross any language barrier we may have, and you will recognise the topic, the subject and the difference with your own cultures.

我感觉我很好的理解了什么是英国人，以及所谓英格兰与其他国家的不同。

然而当我发现这些理解很难用词语来表达。由于这个原因，我现在尽量用这些图片中来表达我的意思。

我希望可以用这个图片，我们可以跨越语言的障碍，让你认识这个主题，以及这个课题和这个不同与你自己的文化。

What – What is England?英格兰是什么？

People that are thought to come from England sometimes refer to their home in many different ways:人们对于从英国人的家园有很多种不同的理解：

The UK英国

United Kingdom联合王国

Great Britain大不列颠

England, Scotland, Wales or Ireland?英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰

And people may say that they are:并且人们也许会觉得：

English英国人

British 不列颠人

Welsh, Scottish, Irish or even European!威尔士人、苏格兰人、爱尔兰人甚至是欧洲人

So where exactly are all these places?所以到底这些是哪里？

Are they all the Same? 他们是否是相同？

What Is Culture?什么是文化？

Culture is a much overused word – especially when discussing China! All westerners discuss the differences between China and the rest of the world in terms of culture.

But what is culture?

I am sure there are many books on the subject that give great explanations about the word, what it means and how it is created – here is my explanation!

文化这个词是个被频繁使用的词-特别是在讨论中国的时候！所有的西方人都会谈论中国文化与世界其他国家在相同时期的文化的不同。

但是什么是文化？

我觉得有很多著作里都有很好的解释，他们是如何解释的？这里有我自己的见解。

Culture is like a large mixing pot, inside it you place all of the ingredients of life. The quantity’s of each ingredient are what make subtle or large differences in cultures.

The ingredients for a basic culture are the same, however every country adds some extra special ingredients which give them a very different result.

For me the base ingredients are the following:-

文化就像一个巨大的混合的水壶，里面装了你所有的对人生的理解。每一种理解给你精妙的或是巨大的文化差异。

其实这些理解对基本文化的看法是相同的，然而每一个国家增加了一些特有的理解从而使每个国家的文化各不相同。

对于我来说，这些原本理解就是这样的：

1. War – this has a profound impact on a country’s identity, is social, political, and financial evolution.

战争-这是一种意义深远的碰撞在国家的同一性，社会，政治，经济和金融方面的革命

2.Religion– normally associated with the above. This can also determine peoples attitude, diversity and development.

宗教信仰-通常与战争相联系。这个同样可以决定人们的态度，差异和发展。

3.Climate – hot, temperate and cold climates have distinctly different cultures due to climatic changes, and or historic climatic conditions.

气候-炎热，温和和寒冷的气候交替可以明显的影响到文化或者历史性气候变化。

4.Innovation – this can have a major effect on culture, and is can be seen in many historic cultures. E.g. Egyptians, Romans, Industrial Revolution etc.

创新-这是文化的主导影响来源，并且可以理解为历史性文化。例如：埃及、罗马人、工业革命等。

5.Natural Resources – this includes food, fuel, water, arable land, typography and a country’s location to the sea or major river.

自然资源-这里涵盖了食物、燃料、水、耕地、印刷样式和一个国家特有的海洋或是重要河流。

These 5 aspects (I believe) make up the majority of a nations culture, the differences depend on how much of each ingredient you put in at any one time – because we must not forget that cultures can, and do change over many years – in the past it has taken a long time for cultures to develop and change. But in a world where communication, travel and language is readily available and no longer a barrier between country’s and nations, culture is changing rapidly – not always for the better!

这5个方面的原因（我相信）产生了大多数国家的自有的文化，差异取决于你自己在其中加入多少自己的理解-因为我们不可以忽略，这样的改变经过多年的演变-在过去这需要花费很长的时间让文化发展和改变。但是在这个世界的通讯、交通和语言的通用性日渐广泛的时候，国与国之间的文化差异在迅速的消除-不一定只是往好的方面。

The five principles of culture I have identified, make up the bulk of my presentation. You will see that normally one aspect cannot act independently. Each one has an interaction with the others.

For Example if we take war, Many wars are started because of the other factors, in English history, war has been one of the major cultural ingredients, throughout its long history England has been at war almost continually, and over many things including Religion, Natural Resource and Innovation.

这5个我定义的文化概念，构成了我这次演讲的框架。你可以发现通常某一个因素是不可以独立存在的。每一个因素都与别的因素在相互作用着。

我们以战争来举例，很多战争的开始是由于其他原因，在英国历史上，战争是主要的文化成分之一，在英国的历史上很长的时间里频繁发生战争，并且很多事情包括宗教、自然资源和改革。

Part 1 – English History

第一章 –英国历史

½ million Years Ago - The first people migrate from Europe to Britain

50万年前-第一个人从欧洲移民到英国

9000 Years Ago - Britain is cut-off from Europe due to rising sea levels

9千年前-由于海平面上升，英国从欧洲大陆分离

5000 Years Ago - Stone Henge is built

5千年前-史前英格兰人的圆形石柱建立

2000 Years Ago - Julies Caesar Invades Britain

2千年前-恺撒入侵英国

He Stays 400 Years then - The Romans leave Britain

恺撒在英国驻留了400年-然后罗马人离开了英国

1200 Years Ago - Vikings Invade Britain

1千2百年前-维京人入侵英国

1000 Years Ago - Westminster Abbey is completed.

1千年前，西斯敏大教堂完工

Work also starts on Canterbury Cathedral

同期Canterbury大教堂也开始建造

900 Years Ago - Work starts on The Tower of London

9百年前-伦敦塔开始建造

900 Years Ago - Oxford University is founded

9百年前-牛津大学建立

700 Years Ago - The Black Death kills half of the British population

7百年前-黑死病肆虐，英国人口因此减半

500 Years Ago - King Henry VIII forms the “Church of England”

5百年前-亨利8世国王建立“英格兰教”

450 Years Ago - First performance for a play by William Shakespeare.

450年前-第一出莎士比亚戏剧上演

400 Years Ago - The Union Jack is established as the country’s flag.

450年前-the Union Jack被作为英国国旗

350 Years Ago - The great plague kills 100000 people in London.

350年前-大瘟疫在伦敦杀死10万人

300 Years Ago - The first Prime Minister of Britain (Sir Robert Walpole)

3百年前-第一任英国首相就职（罗伯特沃波尔）君主立宪制出现

250 Years Ago - America declares independence from Britain.

250年前-美国宣布从英国殖民下独立

230 Years Ago - Industrial Revolution Begins.

230年前-工业革命开始

220 Years Ago - First convict ship sails for Australia.

220年前-第一艘囚犯船驶往澳大利亚

150 Years Ago – The height of the British Empire.

150年前-不列颠帝国版图

180 Years Ago - Worlds first railway opens in England

180年前-世界上第一列火车在英国开通

145 years Ago - London underground opens.

145年前-伦敦地铁开通

130 years Ago - Alexander Bell Invents the Telephone.

130年前-亚历山大 贝尔发明电话

;

92 Years Ago - Start of World War 1

92年前-第一次世界大战

67 Years Ago - Start of World War 2

67年前-第2次世界大战

54 Years Ago - The current Queen (Queen Elizabeth II) comes to the throne.

54年前-现任英女皇（伊丽莎白女皇2世）即位

40 Years Ago - England win the football World Cup.

40年前-英国赢得世界杯冠军

27 Years Ago - Margaret Thatcher becomes the first women prime minister.

27年前-第一位女首相 玛格丽特 撒切尔就职

15 Years Ago - Sir Tim Berners Lee invents the World Wide Web.

15年前-提姆 伯尔尼发明世界范围网络（3W）

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