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Sourse: EIA

Health andenvironmental concerns related to the high sulfur content of residual fuel oil(RFO) have led to new policies and regulations that have significantly loweredexpectations for future RFO use globally. As the demand for RFO declines, theneed for the refining upgrades to convert residual material to lighter, cleanerproducts will increase.

As its nameimplies, RFO is one of several residuals that remain after lighter material,like gasoline and distillate, are distilled out of crude oil. RFO contains alarge amount of contaminants, including sulfur, nitrogen, and heavy metals.Because of its high viscosity, RFO is either blended with lighter streams orheated to ensure that it can be pumped.

Throughoutthe world, RFO is used in many sectors, including marine transportation, powergeneration, commercial furnaces and boilers, and various industrial processes.In some areas, RFO is a relatively low-cost fuel for space heating. RFO playsan important role in the global liquids fuel market, as its price is normallybelow that of other liquid fuels.

Largereductions in RFO demand will likely come from decreased use of RFO for powergeneration and space heating. In the power sector, the cost of pollutioncontrols, maintenance, and RFO heating often offset the lower cost of RFO whencompared to natural gas and other more expensive fuels. Consequently, powersector demand for RFO, especially in industrialized countries, is expected todecrease. However, RFO will serve as a transitional fuel in the power sector ofdeveloping countries that may be more sensitive to price and less sensitive toenvironmental and health implications.

Anothersignificant reduction in RFO demand may come from the implementation of rulesset by Annex VI of the International Maritime Organization through theInternational Convention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL, or MarinePollution). Since 2012, these regulations have required controls on sulfur andnitrogen oxides emissions worldwide. The regulations monitor the emissionsassociated with combustion rather than the fuels themselves.

Because fewrefineries are capable of removing sulfur from RFO, MARPOL compliance willlikely be achieved using two approaches: using fuels with lower sulfur contentsuch as marine gasoil or intermediate fuel oil, or removing sulfurpost-combustion, using scrubbers or other technologies to remove sulfur fromthe exhaust. Some marine transportation operators are considering the use ofliquefied natural gas (LNG) as an alternate fuel for ships operating alongroutes where LNG is available.

The levelsstipulated by the MARPOL regulations can be met by using RFO with sulfur levelsof no more than 3.5%. These rules also set more stringent requirements—consistentwith RFO sulfur levels of no more than 0.1%—in designated emission controlareas, which include the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and coastal areas in NorthAmerica and the Caribbean Sea. Pending a decision in 2018, subsequent MARPOLregulations will require emission reductions consistent with the use of RFOthat has sulfur levels of no more than 0.5% in other areas as early as 2020 oras late as 2025.

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