Read Aloud 

8. A young man （Shakespeare）

A young man from a small provincial town - a man without independent wealth, without powerful family connections and without a university education - moved to London in the late 1580’s and, in a remarkably short time, became the greatest playwright not of his age alone but of all time. How did Shakespeare become Shakespeare?

29.Pluto

Pluto was one of nine planets recognised to our solar system. But in 2006, it was relegated to the official status of dwarf planet by the International AstronomicalUnion. It will bring into clear focus once more what is, and what isn’t meant by the term ‘planet’.

47.Lincoln

Lincoln’s apparently radical change of mind about his war power to emancipate slaves was caused by the escalating scope of war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken the Confederacy and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.

48.Plato

Since Plato, philosophers have described the decision-making process as either rational or emotional: we carefully deliberate or we “blink” and go with our gut. But as scientists break open the mind’s black box with the latest tools of neuroscience, they’re discovering that this is not how the mind works. Our best decisions are a finely tuned blend of both feeling and reason - and the precise mix depends on the situation.

66. A decision aid during rehabilitation

The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during rehabilitation, following an acute knee injury, to help them understand when they can perform particular activities, and when they can move to different intensities of particular activities." A useful thing to take a crack at.

93. Geniune Republic

In a genuine republic, the will of the government is dependent on the will of the society, and the will of the society is dependent on the reason of the society. In Federalist 51, for example, James Madison claimed that the extent and structure of the government of the United States make it dependent on the will of the society. 

94. Donor Countries

In 2005, donor countries agreed on an accord to harmonize their practices. Since then, aid officials have complained that too little has changed on the ground. Conferences of donors in developing countries still tend to be dominated by a small group of north European governments, with the US often absent. 

108. The Grand Canyon

The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide and attains a depth of over a mile. While the specific geologic processes and timing that formed the Grand Canyon are the subject of debate by geologists, recent evidence suggests the Colorado River established its course through the canyon at least 17 million years ago. 

109. Fiscal Year

At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State account in accordance with the University’s financial plan. Funds are allocated to each account by object of expenditure. Account managers are responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are available in the appropriate object before initiating transactions to use the funds. 

110. Blue

Blue is the most popular colour. Food researchers disagree –when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black, or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose their appetite. 

111. Himalayas

Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas. This plant now looks entirely at home on the banks of English rivers. Brought to the UK in 1839. it quickly escaped from Victorian gardens and colonized river banks and damp woodlands. Now it is spreading across Europe, New Zealand, Canada and the US. 

128. Caterpillars

The caterpillars that feed on trees are trying to match the hatching of their eggs to the timing of bud burst. The caterpillars want to feed on the juiciest and least chemically protected leaves. And it’s not just the caterpillars, of course, that are important. But the knock-on effect is on nesting birds, which are also trying to hatch their chicks at the same time that there's the maximum number of caterpillars.

138. Copyright

The quest for a user-friendly copyright regime began a decade ago when the Hong Kong government launched a public consultation on “Copyright Protection in the Digital Environment” in December 2006. Although this consultation initially sought to address internet-related challenges, such as those caused by peer-to-peer file-sharing technology, the reform effort quickly evolved into a more comprehensive digital upgrade of the Hong Kong copyright regime. 

142. Carbon Dioxide Emissions

When countries assess their annual carbon dioxide emissions, they count up their cars and power stations, but bush fires are not included presumably because they are deemed to be events beyond human control. In Australia, Victoria alone sees several hundred thousand hectares burn each year in both 2004 and the present summer, the figure has been over 1 million hectares. 

Repeat Sentence

·      There is no entrance fee for tonight’s lecture. 

·      The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty. 

·      Students are so scared of writing essays because they have never learned now. 

·      We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty. 

·      The psychology department is looking for volunteers to be involved in research projects. 

·      Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is still impossible. 

·      There are varying plagiarism across different university departments. 

·      The first few sentences of an essay should capture the readers’ attention. 

·      All essays and seminar paper submitted must be emailed to your tutor. 

·      The wheelchair lift has been updated this month. 

·      The residential hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time in the semester. 

·      A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment. 

·      It is important to take gender into account when discussing figures. 

·      If you forgot your student number, you should contact Jenny Braze. 

·      Would you prepare a PowerPoint slides with appropriate graphs?

·      The original Olympic Game were celebrated as religious festivals. 

·      A preliminary bibliography is due the week before the spring break. 

·      . There are lots of people competing for the places in computer courses.

·      Try to explain how your ideas are linked so that there is a logical flow.

·      It's the words of common occurrence that have different referential values.

·      Students are held accountable for adhering to establish community standards We've decided to ask you to write four short pieces of written coursework this semester.

·      Overcrowding, poor sanitation affected the daily lives of the majority of the population.

·      The technology they didn't introduce meant that metal and leather goods were produced there for the first time.

·      A lot of agricultural workers came to the east end to look for alternative work.

·      I will start with a brief history of the district, and then focus on life in the first half of the 20th century.

Describe Image 

Retell Lecture 

1. Armor exhibition(新题）x4

不同时期的骑士头盔，curator介绍有一个15世纪刀17世纪的保存完好的，是在西班牙马德里发现的。

Saint Louis Art Museum

The Museum's collection provides a good overview of arms and armor from the 15th through the 18th century. Arms and armor were not only necessary equipment for military figures, but were highly prized objects that personified bravery, chivalry, and skill. They were used in war, for hunting, in sporting competitions such as joustsand foot combats, and as splendid bodily accessories for parades or courtly occasions. The prestigious role of arms and armor meant that artists were often commissioned to transform them into objects of great splendor. Craftsmanship, techniques of fabrication, and ornament link arms and armor to other decorative arts of the 15th through the 18th century.

Sample Answer：
The current installation in the Museum Level 1 Galleries features more than 50 examples of arms and armor comprising helmets and suits of armor; spears and polearms; swords and daggers; rifles, guns, and pistols. Some highlights of the collection are a 15th century German helmet, a pair of 16th century giltbronze stirrupsfrom the Habsburg armory, and a 17th century Italian powder tester, which is one of the finest examples known.

2.  巴普洛夫实验（新题）X4，how motivation works, 三个步骤，有图。

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcYajN9GVdY&ab_channel=DanielManOfReason

1. Unconditioned response: the dog salivates/droolsin response to seeing food.

2. Conditioning: every time the dog sees food, a bell is rung 

3. Conditioned response: the dog salivates/droolsin response to a bell being rung 

Pavlov’s dog experiment is related to positive reinforcement.(积极强化)

3. 坦克比拼

German tiger panther VS T-34,compare fire power，armor and mobility, 虎式坦克虽然在各项数据上完胜T-34，但是后者数量上占优势（新题）

4. Christine dissociation of personality (新题）x2

The Powerful influence of Stevenson’s text on the dissociation is strikingly apparent in the work of American physician and psychologist Morton Prince. Rieber credits Prince with pioneering “the phenomenon of popularizing MPD as embodied in a spectacular case”. Prince’s dissociation of a Personality (1905) tells the story of Miss Christine Beauchamp, a pseudonym for Clara Norton Fowler, who, according to Prince, “ is a person in whom several personalities have become developed”.  

Sample Answer: 

Also known by her pseudonym, Christine beachamp was the first case of spilt personality in history. An American neurologist Morton Prince studied her case between 1898 and 1904 and cured her by reconciling her three distinct personalitieswith the original one.

5.     Edmund Wilson, 介绍他是美国批判家和文学家，对现在的American study影响很大(新题）

6.     视频题（一个男的对着一群人，像是在召开记者招待会那样的感觉，听到security council) 

version 2：视频题，像是记者发布会，说话的人在讲，另外一个人，好像没有提到名字，一直在说he he he, 那个人应该是security council的一员，他很优秀，应该也会很多种语言，因为提到在工作中，他会仔细听口译员（俄英互译）说的话，发现翻译不是很对的地方还会去纠正别人，最后说的是他的速写也很棒，就是一不留意，他就画了很多副画。

7. Mega city 

参考答案：

This lecture is about the relationship between resources and population. 

In 1900, the population was about 1.5 billion and it increased 4-fold to 6 billion in 2000. 

The increase of energy consumption increased by 16-fold. 

Due to globalization and urbanization, cities, which only account for 2% of the land, have 50% of the total population and consume 75% of the resources. 

Or

This lecture talks about mega city. 

City population grows dramatically from 1.5 billion to 6 billion. 

City only accounts for 2% of land but consumed 60% (80 %?) of resources. Consumed resources has increased 60 fold and it poses a big burden to the environment. 

争议：consumed resources 是60%，70%，还是80%。

8. 移民:Open border 

85%相似文本

I believe our borders should be open. But if that is not politically acceptable for now, Europe should at least open up a legal route for people from developing countries to come and work here. Over time, hopefully, we can move to a position where borders are completely open. Persuading skeptics won’t be easy. That’s why I think the argument for free migration has to be made at several levels: a principled case: it increases freedom and reduces injustice; a humanitarian case: it helps people much poorer than ourselves; an economic case: it makes us richer; and a pragmatic case: it is inevitable, so it is in everyone’s interests to make the best of it. Freedom of movement is not just a matter of human rights and international solidarity; it is in our self-interest. Opening our borders may seem unrealistic. But so too, once, did abolishing slavery or giving women the vote. Campaigning for people’s right to move freely is a noble cause for our time. 

Sample Answer：

Developed countries should open borders for other countries. 

There are two important factors in economy and in humanity for opening borders. 

Economically, people from developing countries can go to developed countries and work there, they can help to develop countries get richer. 

Also, for humanity reason, it will allow more freedom for poor people in developing countries. 

OR，

This lecture discusses 4 reasons to support open borders. Firstly, the speaker believes that people should be allowed to move freely on principle. Secondly, open board contributes to the economy of developing countries. Thirdly, opening borders provides people from developing countries to get richer in developed countries. This is a humanitarian reason which leads to social justice. In conclusion, the speaker supports opening borders because of principle, economic, humanitarian and pragmatic reasons. 

9. Non-governmental organization (NGO) 

原文参考: 

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business. Usually set up by ordinary citizens, NGOs may be funded by governments, foundations, businesses, or private persons. Some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers. NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of activities, and take different forms in different parts of the world. Some may have charitable status, while others may be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes. Others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests. 

The number of NGOs in the United States is estimated at 1.5 million. Russia has 277,000 NGOs. India is estimated to have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009, just over one NGO per 600 Indians, and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centers in India. NGOs are difficult to define, and the term 'NGO' is rarely used consistently. As a result, there are many different classifications in use. The most common focus is on "orientation" and "level of operation". 

回忆

An NGO's orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on. 

These activities might include human rights, environmental, improving health, or development work. 

An NGO's level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local, regional, national, or international. 

10. Globalization全球化

This lecture talks about the impacts of globalization. 

Developing countries are to compete with developed countries. 

Developed countries should open gate for developing countries. 

Developing countries do not provide subsidy, so many farmers can only receive under 2 dollars per day. 

11. Welsh speaker 

（视频请参看文波官网wenbo.tv中的真题视频）

参考文本:

Welsh is a Celtic language spoken in Wales by about 740,000 people, and in the Welsh colony in Patagonia, Argentina by several hundred people. There are also Welsh speakers in England, Scotland, Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand. At the beginning of the 20th century about half of the population of Wales spoke Welsh as an everyday language. Towards the end of the century, the proportion of Welsh speakers had fallen to about 20%. According to the 2001 census 582,368 people can speak Welsh, 659,301 people can either speak, read or write Welsh, and 797,717 people, 28% of the population, claimed to have some knowledge of the language. According to a survey carried out by S4C, the Welsh language TV channel, the number of Welsh speakers in Wales is around 750,000, and about 1.5 million people can 'understand' Welsh. In addition there are an estimated 133,000 Welsh-speakers living in England, about 50,000 of them in the Greater London area. 

12. Creativity

要点

creativity : 3个要素person, process, product，其中process 最重要。

Have 3 stages: create person, create process and create product. Human beings can survive because of their creativity. 

参考答案

The lecture talks about human’s creativity. At the beginning of the lecture the speaker mentions that there are 3 elements, including creative person, creative process and creative product. At the end of the lecture, the speaker concludes that human beings can survive because of their creativity. 

争议

这个要仔细听，除了机经里面提到的，听到的词有social, materials, life, brain, build,通常情况下3P都是需要的，但是process是关键。大家还是要仔细听，三个elements是最后才说了，前面说了一堆，有一个点是value什么什么的。

13.Gene 

In this lecture, the speaker talked about the gene and DNA. 

At the beginning of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that genes decide the protein in the cells. 

He further mentioned that there are more than 2M proteins in a cell. 

At the end of the lecture, the speaker concluded that there is still no result for the functions of different cells. 

14.Happiness 

主旨是happiness comes from frequency and quality of social relation.

1. the higher the frequency, more happiness relations include friends and family and others.

2. it's not sure why social relation is correlated with happiness.

3. but there's evidence that when people feel more satisfied with their social relations, they will feel happier, in turn, when people feel happier, they will get more satisfied with social relations

补充回忆:Happy people tend to be social more with friends and have more interaction between family. Some people wonder if their social activities make them happier or their happy personalities drive them to be social more with their friends and families.

15. Course in Stanford University

Welcome to Stanford University business school which always promotes leadership in learning, management and delivery of goods and services. We are not only delivering services and but also making sure good quality. It is clear that educational purpose is to learn management and leadership. You should realize your own responsibility through accomplishing assignments by yourselves instead of depending on others. Profit and non- profit institutions like Stanford University provides learning while Business School is providing learning management. You should realize that the responsibility and accomplishments achieved by other don’t indicate what you are capable of.